Sensor based logistics system

ABSTRACT

Systems, methods, and computer program products are provided for tracking one or more items. In one exemplary embodiment, there is provided a method for tracking one or more hems. The method may include periodically detecting, by a sensor device, sensor information of the one or more items, and periodically transmitting, by the sensor device, the sensor information. The method may also include determining if the one or more parties is authorized to receive the sensor information. The method may also include transmitting the sensor information to the one or more authorized parties. The method may further include determining if the one or more parties is authorized to receive the sensor information and the periodically transmitting the sensor information to the one or more authorized parties based on a set of one or more permissions that grants or restricts access of the one or more parties to the sensor information based on the set of one or more permissions.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention generally relates to systems and methods fortracking items. More particularly, the present invention relates tosystems and methods for tracking items using a sensor device.

BACKGROUND

Asset management has always been an important part of commerce. Forexample, tracking packages is important to organizations of all kinds,whether it be a company keeping track of inventory to be sold in itsstores, or a package delivery provider keeping track of packages beingtransported through its delivery network. To provide quality service, anorganization typically creates and maintains a highly organized networkfor tracking its packages. Effective management of such networks allowslower cost, reduced delivery time, and enhanced customer service.

In addition to tracking packages, parties that ship and receive packagesmay also need information regarding the conditions of the packages, suchas the temperature and humidity of the package. For example, a customerthat has ordered a box of wine may want to monitor the temperature ofthe contents of the box to determine if the temperature and/or humiditygoes above or below a set range. Likewise, the party that ships thepackage may also want to monitor the conditions of the package to ensurethat the content arrives in the proper condition.

Technological advances have enabled items to be tracked in ways that farexceed the functionality of a simple list. A rich information frameworknow can be applied to describe the item's interaction with itssurroundings, such as transportation and custodial handoffs.

Bar codes are one way organizations keep track of items. A retailer, forexample, may use bar codes on items in its inventory. For example, itemsto be sold in a retailer's store may each be labeled with a differentbar code. In order to keep track of inventory, the retailer typicallyscans the bar code on each item. In addition, when an item is sold to aconsumer, the bar code for that item is scanned.

Similarly, a package delivery provider may utilize bar codes byassociating a bar code with packages to be delivered to a recipient. Forexample, a package may have a bar code corresponding to a trackingnumber for that package. Each time the package goes through a checkpoint(e.g., the courier taking initial control of the package, the packagebeing placed in a storage facility, the package being delivered to therecipient, etc.), the package's bar code may be scanned. Bar codes,however, have the disadvantage that personnel must manually scan eachbar code on each item in order to effectively track the items.

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags are an improvement overtypical bar codes. RFID tags do not require manual scanning that isrequired by typical bar codes. For example, in a retail context, an RFIDtag on an inventory item may be able to communicate with an electronicreader that detects items in a shopping cart and adds the cost of eachitem to a bill for the consumer. RFID tags have also been used to trackthings such as livestock, railroad cars, trucks, and even airlinebaggage. These tags typically only allow for basic tracking and do notprovide a way to improve asset management using information about theenvironment in which the items are tracked.

Sensor-based tracking systems are also known which can provide moreinformation than RFID systems. Such systems, however, can be expensive,and may provide extraneous and redundant item information.

Shippers, carriers, recipients, and other parties often wish to know thelocation, condition, and integrity of shipments before, during, andafter transport to satisfy quality control goals, meet regulatoryrequirements, and optimize business processes. To address theserequirements, a system is needed that may monitor data regardingshipments and present this data to a user in real-time or nearreal-time. Shippers, carriers, recipients, and other parties may havesimilar information needs during shipment, but the parties may haveprivacy or regulatory requirements that prevent them from sharing all ofthe information available from a monitoring system. To address theserequirements, a system is needed that allows parties to specify whatinformation they will share with other parties, including the frequencyand timeliness of information updates. The system should compareinformation requirements from parties involved in a shipment and notifyparties when conflicts exist and allow parties to adjust informationsharing policies to address these conflicts.

SUMMARY

In one exemplary embodiment, there is provided a method for tracking oneor more items. The method may include periodically detecting, by asensor device, sensor information of the one or more items, andperiodically transmitting, by the sensor device, the sensor information.The method may also include determining if the one or more parties isauthorized to receive the sensor information. The method may alsoinclude transmitting the sensor information to the one or moreauthorized parties. The method may further include determining if theone or more parties is authorized to receive the sensor information andthe periodically transmitting the sensor information to the one or moreauthorized parties based on a set of one or more permissions that grantsor restricts access of the one or more parties to the sensor informationbased on the set of one or more permissions.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description andthe following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory onlyand are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute apart of this disclosure, illustrate various embodiments and aspects ofthe present invention. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary computing system that can be used toimplement embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary tracking terminal that can be used toimplement embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary computing terminal that can be used toimplement embodiments of the invention; and

FIG. 4 illustrates a flowchart of an exemplary method for tracking itemsconsistent with an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings.Wherever possible, the same reference numbers are used in the drawingsand the following description to refer to the same or similar parts.While several exemplary embodiments and features are described herein,modifications, adaptations and other implementations are possible,without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Forexample, substitutions, additions or modifications may be made to thecomponents illustrated in the drawings, and the exemplary methodsdescribed herein may be modified by substituting, reordering or addingsteps to the disclosed methods. Accordingly, the following detaileddescription does not limit the invention. Instead, the proper scope ofthe invention is defined by the appended claims.

System Architecture

Byway of a non-limiting example, FIG. 1 illustrates a system 100 inwhich the features and principles of the present invention may beimplemented. The number of components in system 100 is not limited towhat is shown and other variations in the number of arrangements ofcomponents are possible, consistent with embodiments of the invention.The components of FIG. 1 may be implemented through hardware, software,and/or firmware. System 100 may include sensor devices 102 a-102 n, atracking center 104, a network 106, and clients 108 a-108 n.

Network 106 provides communications between the various entitiesdepicted in system 100. Network 106 may be a shared, public, or privatenetwork and may encompass a wide area or local area. Network 106 may beimplemented through any suitable combination of wired and/or wirelesscommunication networks (including Wi-Fi networks, GSM/GPRS networks,TDMA networks, CDMA networks, Bluetooth networks, or any other wirelessnetworks). By way of example, network 106 may be implemented through awide area network (WAN), local area network (LAN), an intranet, and/orthe Internet. Further, the entities of system 100 may be connected tomultiple networks 106, such as, for example, to a wireless carriernetwork, a private data network, and the public Internet.

Sensor devices 102 a-102 n may be devices for use in tracking variousitems, and may be attached to or included in the items that are to betracked. For example, sensor device 102 a may be attached to or enclosedin a package that is being sent to a recipient using a delivery servicesuch as Federal Express Corporation, (“FedEx”). Alternatively, sensordevice 102 a may be attached to or enclosed in a container holdinginventory being delivered to a retailer. The aforementioned items areexemplary and may comprise any deliverable elements.

Sensor device 102 a may store information associated with an itemtracking number for a corresponding item. The item tracking number maybe a FedEx tracking number or similar tracking number. Sensor device 102a may also store information indicative of other sensor devices whichare currently within a given proximity. For example, when an item with acorresponding sensor device 102 a is placed inside a vehicle or storagefacility that includes at least one other sensor device 102 n, sensordevice 102 a may sense that another sensor device 102 n is within aproximity that indicates that the corresponding item is now in thevehicle or storage facility. Information reflecting an associationbetween sensor device 102 a and sensor device 102 n may then be storedin a memory located at one or more of sensor device 102 a, sensor device102 n, and/or tracking center 104.

In one embodiment, sensor device 102 a may be capable of measuring ordetecting one or more conditions such as location, temperature, lightlevel, motion, pressure, humidity, acceleration, gas level, airflow,vibration, or other environmental conditions. Sensor device 102 a mayalso have the ability to directly transmit and receive informationto/from tracking center 104 via network 106 by, for example, wirelesscommunications. For example, sensor device 102 a may be implementedusing a wireless sensor available from Crossbow Technology. One ofordinary skill in the art will appreciate that alternative sensordevices may be used.

Tracking center 104 may provide a platform for tracking items beingdelivered to a recipient. Tracking center 104 may be implemented using acombination of hardware, software, and/or firmware, and may be operableto receive and store sensor data from various sensor devices 102 a-102n. For example, sensor device 102 a may periodically send trackingcenter 104 sensor data reflecting conditions measured or detected bysensor device 102 a. Such sensor data may include location, temperature,light level, motion, pressure, humidity, gas level, airflow, vibrations,or other environmental conditions.

Tracking center 104 is also operable to respond to requests for sensordata. For example, a customer may use client 108 a to enter a requestfor sensor data stored at tracking center 104. The request may includeone or more triggering parameters, which can be used to find therequested sensor data. Exemplary triggering parameters may include asensor identification number, item tracking number, location,temperature, light level, humidity, acceleration, pressure, gas level,airflow, vibrations, etc. Accordingly, by way of example, a customer mayrequest temperature measurements within a certain range of a specificlocation. The distance from the specific location is the triggeringparameter in that case.

When tracking center 104 receives a request for sensor data from client108 a, tracking center 104 may search a database resident at trackingcenter 104 and return the requested sensor data, if found. Access to thesensor data may be managed or open. For example, if access is managed,client 108 a and/or the customer would need to be authenticated beforesensor data is made available to client 108 a and/or the customer. Inaddition to or instead of searching a database for sensor data, trackingcenter 104 may request sensor data directly from the relevant sensordevice 102 a.

Tracking center 104 may also provide updated and/or new programming forsensor device 102 a. Programming, for example, may specify the manner inwhich a device senses environmental conditions. Programming of theaforementioned device may be altered, for example, by storing new ormodified instructions in a memory (not shown) located at the respectivedevice. Programming changes may be made arbitrarily (e.g., at thediscretion of a programmer) or in response to a detected condition. Forexample, suppose sensor device 102 a detects a temperature above acertain level. When sensor device 102 a reports the temperature level totracking center 104, an alarm or alert may be triggered to bring thisinformation to the attention of personnel associated with trackingcenter 104. Tracking center 104, in turn, may alter the programming ofsensor device 102 a to check the temperature more frequently. One ofordinary skill in the art will appreciate that other parameters can beused as the basis for altering programming.

Clients 108 a-108 n provide users with an interface to network 106. Byway of example, clients 108 a-108 n may be implemented using any devicecapable of accessing a data network, such as a general purpose computeror personal computer equipped with a modem or other network interface.Clients 108 a-108 n may also be implemented in other devices, such as aBlackbery™, Ergo Audrey™, mobile phones (with data access functions),Personal Digital Assistant (“PDA”) with a network connection, IPtelephony phone, or generally any device capable of communicating over adata network.

Clients 108 a-108 n may be utilized by users to request sensor data fromtracking center 104. For example, a user may subscribe to a service thatallows the user to access up-to-date information about one or moresensors. Alternatively, a subscription to a service is not necessary toaccess the information. In order to request sensor data, the user mayenter information on client 108 a indicative of the desired sensor data.For example, the user may enter information requesting the currentlocation and temperature of all sensors within a certain radius of aspecified sensor. After the customer enters this information, client 108a may send a request to tracking center 104, which in turn may searchits database or request the information directly from the sensors. Whentracking center 104 finds the requested information, it may send theinformation back to client 108 a.

Sensor device 102 a may be operable to periodically determine whetherthere are any sensor devices 102 n within a certain proximity of sensordevice 102 a. When sensor device 102 a determines that sensor device(e.g. sensor device 102 n) is within its range, sensor device 102 a maystore information indicative of an association between the two devices.Sensor device 102 a may also send this information to tracking center104 via network 106. When sensor device 102 a determines that sensordevice 102 n is no longer within its range, it may update the storedinformation resident at sensor device 102 a and tracking center 104 toreflect that the devices are no longer associated with each other.

FIG. 2 is a diagram of an exemplary tracking center consistent with thepresent invention. Tracking center 104 may include at least acommunication server 202, a user management database 204, a sensordevice management database 206, a shipment management database 208, adata management database 210, an analysis database 212, an auditdatabase 214, an archive database 216, a certificate server 218, and arules engine 220. The number of components in tracking center 104 is notlimited to what is shown and other variations in the number ofarrangements of components are possible, consistent with embodiments ofthe invention.

Communication server 202 may be a web server that provides functionalityfor receiving traffic over a network, such as the Internet. For example,communication server 202 may be a standard web server that a user mayaccess at client 108 a using a web browser program, such as Safari,Internet Explorer, or Netscape Communicator. Communication server 202 isoperable to receive requests for sensor data from clients, and pass therequests on to databases 204-216, certificate server 218, and/or rulesengine 220 for processing. Communication server 202 may also send andreceive messages for configuration, management, and monitoring of sensordevices 102 a-102 n.

User management database 204 may maintain a list of users of the system,user profiles, roles and permissions within the system, userorganizations, and the relationship between users and/or other parties.

Sensor device management database 206 may maintain a per-party inventoryof sensor devices 102 a-102 n used to provide monitoring information.Sensor device management database 206 may also store sensor datareceived from various sensor devices 102 a-102 n. Sensor devicemanagement database 206 may also store association informationindicative of associations between sensor devices 102 a-102 n.

For example, sensor device 102 a may periodically send sensor data totracking center 104, where it is stored in sensor device managementdatabase 206. Exemplary sensor data may include location, temperature,light level, motion, pressure, humidity, acceleration, gas level,airflow, vibrations, or other environmental conditions. Sensor data thatis transmitted to sensor device management database 206 may beaccompanied by information identifying the sensor device 102 a-102 nthat detected the sensor data.

Association data stored by sensor device management database 206 mayalso be periodically sent by sensor devices 102 a-102 n. For example,when an activated sensor device 102 a becomes positioned within apredetermined proximity of another sensor device 102 n, sensor device102 a and/or sensor device 102 n may locally store informationreflecting this proximity association. Sensor device 102 a may then sendtracking center 104 information indicative of the association.Additionally or alternatively, sensor device 102 n may send trackingcenter 104 information indicative of the association.

When tracking center 104 receives a request for sensor data from client108 a, sensor device management database 206 may be searched for therequested data. If that data is found, it may be sent back to client 108a.

Shipment management database 208 may contain configuration parametersfor one or more shipments. Data management database 210 may contain datagenerated by the monitoring of the shipments. This data may be augmentedby other systems such as third-party package tracking systems andborder-crossing systems (not shown).

Analysis database 212 may contain an aggregation of all systeminformation for use in analyzing past activities, adjustingconfiguration parameters, defining new monitoring activities, andpredicting future trends. Audit database 214 may contain informationthat allows parties to review the monitoring of shipments forconformance to regulations and quality metrics. Archive database 216 maycontain information that provides long-term storage and access ofhistorical data, and a communication sub-system that sends and receivesmessages for configuration, management, and monitoring to sensor devices102 a-102 n and network 106.

Certificate server 218 may be operable to control access to dataresident in sensor device management database 206. For example, client108 a or a user of client 108 a may only be authorized to receive sensordata that corresponds to sensor devices 102 a-102 n. When that userrequests a set of sensor data that includes data for which the client oruser has no authorization to access, certificate server 218 recognizesthe lack of authorization and only allows tracking center 104 to sendthe client or user the portion of the requested sensor data for whichthe client or user has authorization.

Rules engine 220 may be operable to, among other things, send queries tosensor device management database 206 based on requests for sensor datafrom client 108 a, send requested sensor data to clients 108 a-108 nafter receiving it from sensor device management database 206, processsensor data received from sensor devices 102 a-102 n, request sensordata from sensor devices 102 a-102 n, and alter the programming ofsensor devices 102 a-102 n.

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary client 108 a that can be used toimplement embodiments of the invention. The components and arrangement,however, are not critical to the invention. One of ordinary skill willrecognize that embodiments of the invention may be implemented bycomputers or workstations organized as shown, organized in a distributedprocessing system architecture, or organized in myriad suitablecombinations of software, hardware, and/or firmware.

For example, client 108 a may include components such as a centralprocessing unit (CPU) 310, a memory 320, an input/output (I/O) device(s)330, an application programming interface (API) 340, and a database 350that can be implemented in various ways. For example, an integratedplatform (such as a workstation, personal computer, laptop, etc.) maycomprise CPU 310, memory 320, 1/O devices 330, API 340, and database350, interconnected by a local bus 335. In such a configuration,components 310, 320, 330, 340, and 350 may connect through a local businterface.

CPU 310 may be one or more known processing devices, such as amicroprocessor from the Pentium family manufactured by Intel™ or amainframe-class processor. Memory 320 may be one or more storage devicesconfigured to store information used by CPU 310 to perform certainfunctions, operations, and steps related to embodiments of the presentinvention. Memory 320 may be a magnetic, semiconductor, tape, optical,or other type of storage device. In one embodiment, memory 320 includesone or more software application programs 325 that, when executed by CPU310, perform various processes consistent with the present invention.

Methods, systems, and articles of manufacture consistent with thepresent invention are not limited to programs configured to performdedicated tasks. For example, memory 320 may be configured with aprogram 325 that performs several functions consistent with theinvention when executed by CPU 310. Alternatively, CPU 310 may executeone or more programs located remotely from client 108 a. For example,client 108 a may access one or more remote programs that, when executed,perform functions related to embodiments of the present invention. Theconfiguration and number of programs implementing processes consistentwith the invention are not critical to the invention.

Memory 320 may be also be configured with an operating system (notshown) that performs several functions well known in the art whenexecuted by CPU 310. By way of example, the operating system may beMicrosoft Windows™, Unix™, Linux™, an Apple™ operating system such asMAC OSX™, Personal Digital Assistant operating system such as MicrosoftCE™, or other operating system. The choice of operating system, and eventhe use of an operating system, is not critical to the invention.

I/O device(s) 330 may comprise one or more input/output devices thatallow data to be received and/or transmitted by client 108 a. Forexample, I/O device 330 may include one or more input devices, such as anetwork connection, keyboard, touch screen, mouse, microphone, diskreader, and the like, that enable data to be input or received from auser. Further, I/O device 330 may include one or more output devices,such as a network connection, display screen, printer, speaker devices,and the like, that enable data to be output or presented to a user. Theconfiguration and number of input and/or output devices incorporated inI/O device 330 are not critical to the invention.

API 340 is an interface used by client 108 a to execute user requests.API 340 may be used in conjunction with I/O device 330 to define, forexample, monitoring parameters, events, and notifications with respectsto shipments. In addition, API 340 may query and receive informationregarding shipments in response to information received at I/O device330. API 340 may also update information stored in databases 204-216.

Database 350 may comprise one or more databases that store informationand are accessed and managed through system 100. By way of example,database 350 may be an Oracle™ database, a Sybase™ database, or otherrelational database. As illustrated in FIG. 2, databases 204-216 maylocated within tracking center 104. However, the information stored indatabases 204-216 may also be located in database 350.

Parties

According to one embodiment, a “party” may refer to an individual, agroup, a division, a company, or any combination of individuals, groups,divisions, or companies. For example, when a user sends or receives ashipment, the user may join system 100. When the user joins, the usermay enter his company name, and a party corresponding to the company maybe created. After creation of the party, the user may be assigned to theparty. When other users that belong to the same company join system 100,they may also be added to the party.

A party may use system 100 to collaborate with other business partners.To do so, the party may either identify other parties already present Inthe system via a search feature, or they can invite users into system100. New parties may create collaboration profiles that specify theirdefault policies for sharing information and access to their sensordevices. In addition, parties may also change their profiles at anytime. For example, a party may change their profile on a per-shipmentbasis or may create profiles specific to one or more business partners.Collaboration profiles contain rules that may be invoked against apermission mechanism to enable and restrict access by business partnersto information defined or created by other parties.

For example, a party may choose to make information about all of theirmonitored shipments available to all other parties in the system.Conversely, a party may restrict access to each monitored shipment toonly the parties participating in the shipment (e.g. recipient andcarrier). This may prevent other parties from accessing the information.The system also contains a mechanism used to govern the amount and levelof detail of information access on a per-user basis; this mechanism isdiscussed further in this document.

The system may also allow the creation of communities of parties whichcross organizational boundaries. To do so, users may search for otherparties by name, description, or by settings in their collaborationprofile that may indicate organizations willing to cooperate infulfilling some need, such as providing intervention services to assureshipment integrity. To aid the collaborative process, party profiles mayinclude information about the duration of a party's membership in thesystem and reputation information as expressed by their fellow members.The party profiles may also include operational information, such as thecertificates or other configuration information necessary to leveragetheir telecommunications or computer networks. By granting access totheir networks, a party may allow other parties to use them to transmitand receive monitoring and system data.

Permissions

System 100 may also include a permission mechanism that may be used toimplement a set of permissions that grant or deny parties the ability toperform actions related to sensor devices 102 a-102 n and databases204-216. The permission mechanism may be implemented by certificateserver 218. For example, each party may have access to administrativefunctions that may include defining new parties in the system, adding orremoving sensor devices 102 a-102 n, and/or the restricting orpermitting access to party shipment information by other parties.Accordingly, permissions may allow a party to grant administrativefunctions to other parties, such that a party can, for instance, definea set of parties and restrict their ability to view, create, or updatesensor devices 102 a-102 n, or to create, view, or update one or moreshipments or sets of shipments.

This permission mechanism may be used to implement a set ofcollaboration policies within the system. Organizations, users, devices,shipments, and information stored within the system are created, viewed,modified, and deleted according to rules that take into account theobject of the action and the entity performing the action. Rather thanexhaustively specify the ability or inability of all other parties toperform such actions, these permissions can refer to roles that implygroup membership (e.g. the set of all users belonging to a certainorganization, all members of all organizations, all shipments in which aparticular organization is a party, etc.). This system allows sharedaccess to information and enables parties to act on this information.Parties collaborate by either actively seeking permission to access andact on data or by being passively granted permission by default.Collaboration policies specify what the default roles and permissionsare for entities in the system.

Sensor Device

As previously stated, sensor device 102 a may be placed inside a packagewith the contents of the package. Sensor device 102 a may measure ordetect one or more conditions such as location, temperature, lightlevel, motion, pressure, humidity, gas level, airflow, vibrations, orother environmental conditions.

Sensor device 102 a may report data in several different ways. Forexample, sensor device 102 a may report data based on measurements of atleast one of physical quantities (e.g. temperature of 72° F.),qualitative assessments (e.g. “hot”), relative observations based on apredetermined threshold (e.g. greater than 85° F.), a calculatedthreshold (e.g. average greater than 80° F.), and business-eventsprovided by third-party systems (e.g. proof-of-delivery of a shipment).This data may be correlated with the shipment and may be used to reportany changes in shipment status or a lack of changes in the status.

Depending upon the capabilities of sensor device 102 a, thesemeasurements may be calculated directly by sensor device 102 a. However,other measurements may be calculated based on party requirements enteredat I/O device 330 and processed by API 340. According to one embodiment,all observations are confirmed by API 340 because different measurementsmay be of interest to different parties. For example, a shipping partymay wish to know when sensor device 102 a measures the presence of 50%relative humidity. However, a receiving party may wish to know whensensor device 102 a measures the presence of 80% relative humidity. Ifsensor device 102 a cannot be configured to report against multiplemeasurement thresholds, then API 340 may be responsible for performingthese calculations.

Parties with sufficient permission can define new sensor devices 102a-102 n within the system by creating a sensor profile. A sensor profilemay include a list of monitoring capabilities of sensor device 102 athat may describe the conditions that sensor device 102 a may observe(e.g. temperature, humidity, location, movement, etc.), the frequencythat sensor device 102 a may make observations, and the frequency thatsensor device 102 a reports the observations.

Sensor device 102 a may be “owned” by a party because a party may governaccess to data even if access is currently unrestricted. For example,some websites may publish weather information by ZIP code. This weatherinformation may be correlated with temperature readings from anothersensor device 102 a to warn one or more parties of weather conditions.In this example, access may simply be the availability of the website torespond to requests.

In another embodiments, sensor device 102 a may be “owned” by a party tothe shipping process (e.g. a shipper, recipient, carrier, or logisticsprovider). In this embodiment, the sensor profile would indicate sensordevice 102 a ownership and allow that ownership to transfer to adifferent party upon completion of use. For example, a shipper might usesensor device 102 a to assure the integrity of a high-value merchandiseto a recipient. Upon proof of delivery to the recipient, the shipper mayautomatically transfer ownership of sensor device 102 a to therecipient. Conversely, a different shipper might want retain ownershipof sensor device 102 a and this shipper may not transfer ownership ofsensor device 102 a to the recipient. A shipper may not transferownership so that the shipper would be able to use sensor device 102 ato aid in a return of defective merchandise.

Some sensor devices 102 a-102 n may support inter-device communicationusing short-range communication mechanisms such as ZigBee. These sensordevices 102 a-102 n may use this capability to support business-levelactivities, such as ensuring the integrity of a set of shipments bymutual visibility and communication. Sensor device 102 a owners may alsoallow shared access to this feature by other sensor devices 102 n,particularly sensor devices that are owned by other parties. Sensordevices 102 a-102 n with networking capability may also transmit theirobservations using other sensor devices as communication gateways.

The system may also support profiles describing static (e.g. fixed) andconfigurable sensor devices 102 a-102 n. Via API 340, the system maydefine mechanisms and messages that may be used to configure sensordevices 102 a-102 n. These messages may include information used toidentify the sensor device 102 a that is the subject of the message andparameters to define thresholds for measuring observations, reportingobservations, and reporting frequency.

Whenever possible, sensor profiles include a description of the powerrequirements over time of particular monitoring functions, such as theuse of a GPS sensor to determine location. When provided, thisinformation can be used to estimate the total power usage over a set ofmonitoring functions, and this information may be used to estimate themaximum duration of monitoring by sensor device 102 a and may be used toassist a party in defining monitoring parameters. If this informationcannot be provided, but sensor device 102 a can provide diagnosticinformation specifying the power usage or level over time, historicaldata may be used to estimate the power requirements for particular setsof commonly used monitoring parameters.

Depending upon the capabilities of sensor device 102 a, additionalmessages can be sent to sensor device 102 a providing power and costmanagement information. This information may include time orlocation-based periods during which sensor device 102 a functions may bereduced in frequency or idled, or during which communication can berestricted or switched to lower cost channels.

These messages may be sent during the initial receipt and setup ofsensor device 102 a as part of an inventory management function. Thesemessages may also be sent during configuration of sensor device 102 adedicated to a specific kind of transport, storage, value chainproduction, or other logistics function. Sensor device 102 aconfiguration can be a one-time activity or real-time, dynamic activityreflecting changing conditions or needs of system users or in responseto system calculations.

Sensor Device Configuration

The permission mechanism may govern access to particular sensor devices102 a-102 n on a per-user basis, and the permission mechanism may alsoprovide the ability to configure sensor devices 102 a-102 n. Thisconfiguration information may consist of specifying which capabilitiesshould be used in monitoring information of a particular shipment (e.g.movement, temperature, and humidity) in addition to the actualobservation and reporting frequency to employ when providinginformation. This configuration information may be transmitted to sensordevices 102 a-102 n via a device configuration system (not shown).Device configuration system may use an intermediate communicationgateway as needed to communicate with sensor devices 102 a-102 n.Alternatively, sensor devices 102 a-102 n may be configured by a plug-inconnection to a programming device, such as a PC having acomputer-readable media reader.

After configuration, sensor device 102 a may transmit information to adata receiving system which may record the data and make that dataavailable to parties with sufficient permission to view the data. Thedata may also be passed to a notification system that may compare thedata against monitoring parameters. The notification system may alsoperform further actions, as needed, based on the result of thecomparison. These actions may include triggering external systemactivities, performing calculations that result in new configurationinformation being sent to sensor device 102 a, performing calculationsthat result in new configuration information for use in furthermonitoring, and correlating data from sensor devices 102 a-102 n orhistorical data. The system may also supplement data provided by sensordevices 102 a-102 n with information provided by the carrier or otherexternal systems, either by receiving messages via the API or byquerying these systems for data. This information may be viewed asthird-party information and it may be combined with the sensorinformation and presented to the appropriate parties.

In addition to configuring a single sensor device 102 a, the system mayalso transmit future configuration parameters for storage on sensordevice 102 a based on the capabilities of sensor device 102 a. Forexample, if the monitoring frequency of sensor device 102 a shouldchange during shipment to allow more precise monitoring of its locationas it nears a destination of the recipient, these parameters may be sentto sensor device 102 a and sensor device 102 a may automatically modifythe reporting configuration.

Sensor device 102 a configuration and access to data may be definedeither collaboratively or on a per shipment basis. For example, in aparticular shipment, both the shipper and the receiver may want todefine monitoring parameters that may not be consistent. One way toaccomplish this may be to use two sensor devices 102 a and 102 b, wheresensor device 102 a provides data to the shipper and sensor device 102 bprovides data to the receiver. However, using two sensor devices is notefficient. Therefore, rather than using two sensor devices to monitorand transmit data, the shipper and the receiver may share a singlesensor device 102 a.

Rules may be defined within the system that limit or force the shipperand the receiver to negotiate the implemented monitoring configurationparameters. The system can allow the shipper and the receiver to beeffectively unaware that sensor device 102 a is being shared. This maybe accomplished by restricting the data available to the shipper and thereceiver by events and thresholds defined by each party. For example, areceiver may desire location reporting at city-level at half-hourintervals, and the shipper may desire address-level reporting at hourlyintervals. Sensor device 102 a may be configured to report address-levelreporting at half-hour intervals, but each party would only seeinformation at the requested level (e.g. address vs. city) and requestedfrequency (e.g. half-hour vs. hour).

According to another embodiment, a shipper may define the reportingconfiguration of sensor device 102 a to restrict the receiver fromviewing data regarding the shipment to certain locations or duringcertain times. In addition, the configuration of sensor device 102 a mayalso permit the receiver to view all data of the shipment once it hasentered within a certain radius of the delivery location.

As previously stated, parties may define a shipment within the system.Examples of shipments may include the delivery of goods, the returnshipment of any sensor device 102 a and/or goods to the shipment originor other location, the shipment of multiple items from a common originthrough common intermediate points to multiple independent destinations,the aggregation of multiple shipments from separate origins to a commondestination, and combinations of these scenarios.

These events may range from simple matching (e.g. the temperature ofsensor device 102 a has reached a certain threshold) to complex chainsof independent or related events (e.g. a shipment has moved after 5 PMon certain day and the temperature and humidity have not exceeded acertain threshold after 20 minutes of movement). Since the specificationof these events may be limited based on the capabilities of sensordevice 102 a, the system may prevent parties from attempting to specifyevents that cannot be provided by sensor device 102 a. A party that ownssensor device 102 a may modify the device's profile to limit the volumeof monitoring observations provided to other parties. The party may alsolimit the specificity of data provided and the frequency of datareporting by specifying a delay before another party may view orinteract with data from sensor device 102 a.

A party may also only partially specify the configuration informationfor later use. This configuration information may act as a templatewhere certain values may be specified, such as the origin of theshipment, the type of sensor device 102 a to use for monitoring theshipment, and the type and frequency of monitoring data to collect.While this information may be specified during configuration, one ofordinary skill would appreciate that this information may be modified bythe party during shipping.

Parties may also define relationships between shipments, such that twoor more shipments originating from different locations and traveling toa common destination may be defined and queried by API 340 and viewedvia UI 330 as a group. Likewise, multiple shipments traveling togetherfrom an origin to destination may be similarly grouped, and multipleshipments starting from a common point but ultimately arriving at morethan one destination may be similarly grouped. This association ofshipments may allow the party to define common configuration parametersacross the group and may also simplify viewing, updating, and otheroperations. Multiple shipments may also be aggregated to provide a“safety net” feature. A “safety net” feature may be preferable whentracking shipments because this feature may reflect multiple activities,locations, and other monitoring data. Moreover, too great a variance inany of these data parameters could be used by a party to determine anerror in the logistics process.

For example, a shipment of goods may be sent from three different plantsA, B, and C and may all travel to a common intermediate point D (e.g. anassembly plant). Intermediate point D may ship the entire shipment ofgoods to a distributor E, and distributor E may separate the goods intothree different shipments sending the goods to a return location F, awarehouse G, and a warehouse H. After return location F, warehouse G,and warehouse H receive the appropriate shipments, return location F maysend the shipment back to plant A. In addition, warehouse G may send theshipment to a retailer I, and warehouse H may keep the shipment.

When defining common destination of multiple shipments, the system mayoptimize the use of sensor devices 102 a-102 n to meet the monitoringrequirements of different parties while also minimizing the number ofsensor devices 102 a-102 n in use. Optimizing the use of sensor devices102 a-102 n may also minimize the overall power used by sensor devices102 a-102 n and the aggregate number of communications required toreport the status of the shipments. While the above examples haveexplained the use of a single sensor device 102 a to monitor severalshipments, one of ordinary skill would appreciate that a party maychoose to monitor a single shipment using multiple sensor devices 102a-102 n to ensure monitoring parameters by calculating information fromeach of sensor devices 102 a-102 n or performing more sophisticatedanalysis based on known capabilities, accuracy, and precision of sensordevices 102 a-102 n.

According to another embodiment, sensor devices 102 a-102 n may each beplaced in separate packages for shipping and may travel together wheneach of the packages is transported as a group (e.g. cartons on apallet). In this embodiment, sensor devices 102 a-102 n may beconfigured to determine a master sensor device 102 a that may receiveinformation from other sensor devices. Based on this configuration,sensor devices 102 a-102 n may all communicate with each other, but onlysensor device 102 a transmits information to tracking center 104.

Sensor devices 102 a-102 n may also be configured to opportunisticallytake advantage of third-party communication networks, such as WiFinetworks. Sensor devices 102 a-102 n may sense and report third-partycommunication networks that may provide compatible communicationchannels during transport back to tracking center 104. If these channelsare open for communication, sensor devices 102 a-102 n may use them ifother preferred channels are not open or if they can be used to reducepower consumption and/or cost. If these networks belong to parties insystem 100, a party with sufficient permission may view these networksand obtain appropriate-credentials to enable the use of these networks.If the credentials are approved, the information regarding thesenetworks may be sent and downloaded by sensor devices 102 a-102 n.

Databases 204-216 may act as a feedback mechanism for sensor devices 102a-102 n. Based on data transmitted from sensor devices 102 a-102 n tothe databases 204-216, information derived from sensor devices 102 a-102n either alone or in combination with information from other sensordevices 102 a-102 n, information derived from third party systems, orhistorical information from sensor devices 102 a-102 n used inmonitoring similar shipments (e.g. matching the origin and destinationof a current shipment or matching the shipper and recipient), system 100may transmit new or updated configuration parameters to sensor devices102 a-102 n.

For example, if system 100 notices that the temperature reported by asensor device 102 a is trending upward, system 100 may reconfiguresensor device 102 a to increase the rate and/or precision of temperaturemeasurement and reporting based on the capabilities of sensor device 102a. This ability to reconfigure sensor device 102 a is especiallyimportant if a party indicated that the temperature should be monitoredand sensor device 102 a should provide information if the temperature isapproaching a critical threshold. System 100 may also use historicalmeasurements to detect anomalous events. For example, an average transittime from origin to a particular mid-point may be 15 hours with astandard deviation of an hour based on historical data. However, aparticular shipment may taking longer (e.g. 17 hours). If this occurs,parties monitoring the shipment may be alerted even though the partieshad not requested notification of such an event in advance. Historicaldata may also be used to determine unusual data, such as delays inmovement that might be the result of an accident.

Sensor device 102 a may also transmit other data to system 100 eventhough this data might not be individually identifiable or actionable.For example, sensor device 102 a may report the number and type ofobservations they have made using standard or custom units of measure(e.g. observations per hour). This data may be transmitted in the samemanner as other sensor data. However, the party that currently “owns”sensor device 102 a (e.g. the party that is authorized to control sensordevice 102 a) may choose whether this data is stored with the otherdata. If it is, the party may, based on the party profile, make thisdata available to other parties both during shipment and afterwards ashistorical data.

Parties may record information about communication networks, such asWiFi or other wireless networks, for use by sensor device 102 a forsending and receiving monitoring and other system information. Thisinformation may include the location of wireless access points or othercommunication gateway devices, security credentials, certificates, andother security information necessary to use the network. Thisinformation may also include specifications regarding limits on theamount of data that can be transferred by parties over the network, theduration of use within certain timeframes, and other informationnecessary to ensure proper use.

For system 100 to report the information about a shipment, anassociation may be made between the sensor device 102 a that ismonitoring the shipment and a shipment identifier. This would typicallybe done at the time the shipment is created when a tracking number forthe shipment is generated and the package is ready to be sealed. Thisprocess may occur at I/O 330 where the party may input or select aunique sensor identifier and a shipment identifier. The sensoridentifier can be any unique number such as the hardware ID, SIM cardnumber, or the device phone number. The shipment identifier can be thetracking number, freight shipment number, customer order number, or anyunique identifier for that package. A sensor device 102 a may also beassociated with groups of individual shipments or consolidated packagestraveling together under one shipment, such as a pallet. Likewise,multiple sensors devices 102 a-102 n may be associated to a singleshipment if, for example, battery life of one of sensors devices 102a-102 n is inadequate to cover the entire route.

The association may also take place prior to the time a shipment isready to be sent. This may occur if the shipper wants to monitorconditions during manufacturing or assembly but shipment details for theproduct have not been determined yet. In this example, the associationcould be between at least one of sensors devices 102 a-102 n and theshipper's internal order identifier. After the order has been completedand prepared for shipment, the shipment number could be added to theshipment to complete the associations. A similar process may also occurwhen monitoring a product after the end of a shipment.

The shipper may also define a termination point of the shipment (e.g. atthe recipient). When the shipment arrives at the termination point, theassociation between sensor device 102 a and the shipment identifierwould cease. At this time, sensor device 102 a may be available to beassociated with another shipment. One of ordinary skill would appreciatethat the termination point may be negotiable between the shipper andrecipient if the detailed information about the shipment is of interestto both parties.

Real-Time Monitoring

After an association occurs, sensor device 102 a may report data on aperiodic basis, and this data may be available to the appropriatesparties via I/O 330. This data is presented as a set of informationabout that shipment and may include, for example, multiple environmentalelements, location, progress of the shipment, and overall status. Thisinformation may be presented graphically, in table format, or via a mapview.

The timeliness of the data is contingent both on network availabilityand latency. When cellular backhaul is the sole communication method,data availability may be impacted by network conditions. Short rangecommunication options such as WiFi and Zigbee are also a possibility andmay be used as either a primary transmission method or a secondarytransmission method. When communication with a network is not possible,the data received by sensor device 102 a may be logged and stored insensor device 102 a and transmitted when communication is available.

In addition to specified monitoring parameters (e.g. location,temperature, and humidity), sensor device 102 a may also transmit otherdata as part of the monitoring information. This data may be transmittedto system 100 via messages, and the message formats and receivingmechanisms may be specified by API 340 via I/O) 330. This data is storedas part of the monitoring information and is accessible to all partieshaving access to the shipment data.

The monitoring frequency may be determined by the party at the start ofthe shipment and may differ from the communication frequency. Thesefrequencies may also be altered during the shipment if two-waycommunication with sensor device 102 a is available. During monitoring,if sensor device 102 a recognizes that its data storage space islimited, sensor device 102 a may be configured to cease monitoring,reduce the frequency of observation, begin overwriting pastobservations, calculate new observations that attempt to summarize thevalues of previous observations (e.g. the average temperature overmultiple observations and location based on a set of latitude/longitudelocations), or any combination.

Parties may also choose to view the information generated during themonitoring of a shipment using filters that limit or narrow the type andnumber of observations presented. For example, a party may choose toview information generated or calculated during a specific time period,or a party may chose to only view information that meets criteria suchas a measurement being above a threshold value. Moreover, parties mayalso view lists of shipments, inventory, or other monitored goods usingthese same criteria. Parties may sort and filter these lists, which mayprovide for separate viewing of information regarding, for example,shipments that are in motion and shipments that have generated anotification.

Sensor device 102 a may also be used to observe the status of a packageboth before and after the shipping process. For example, sensor device102 a may monitor the status of a package stored in a warehouse aftermanufacture or in a distribution center after delivery. This is usefulfor performing asset or inventory management. Monitoring a package aftershipment may require additional configuration parameters, such as adelivery event notification via a third party API or manual interventionby the third party to determine when the monitoring period begins.

For example, a third party system may be a warehouse management systemthat tracks the arrival or departure of shipments from a facility. Thisinformation may be used as another source of shipment status (e.g.shipped, received) or as indication of location if GPS or other locationsensors could not work due to building interference or other factors.Another example of a third party system may be a temperature monitoringsystem within a building that provides an network-accessible source ofinformation regarding the temperature and humidity status of a room.This information may provide additional information (e.g. ambientenvironmental condition) or as a correlation factor in confirming thecondition of a shipment.

When a third party system is used to provide monitoring information,this information must be correlated with other monitoring informationand/or the shipment. For example, if the shipper uses a carrier withshipment tracking service, the tracking service may report informationbased on a shipment tracking number, rather than sensor device 102 a.Accordingly, when a third party system is used as a data source toprovide additional information, the information may be transmitted tosystem 100 along with the shipment tracking number so that theinformation from the third party system may be correlated with theshipment.

Events and Notification

As appreciated by those of skill in the art, the monitoring process mayinclude an active notification of parties or systems in response to achange in the status of a shipment. Notifications may be generated bysystem 100 based on the information collected by the sensor devices 102a-102 n or based on non-sensor activities. These notifications mayinclude a notification of new data that may include a signal indicatingan alert condition (e.g. change in light, temperature, humidity). Thetimely departure from pre-defined location may generate a geofencenotification (e.g. movement in or out of a specified area) whereas atemperature sensor reading exceeding the defined thresholds may triggeran environmental alert. These messages may be transmitted to theappropriate party or parties using multiple methods depending on theseverity of the message. Notifications may be presented to theappropriate party or parties via email, Short Message Service (SMS),display on I/O 330, and presentation to a third party system viamechanisms specified by the appropriate party.

When defining a shipment, a party may specify start, intermediate, andend points based on either static or dynamic criteria. For example, arecipient may define the origin of a shipment as an address or ageofence boundary enclosing a particular area. In addition, therecipient may define the destination as the region “30 minutes” from adelivery address, where the “30 minute” boundary would be determinedduring shipment by the speed of sensor device 102 a, a vehiclecontaining the shipment, or some other mechanism. Start, intermediate,and end points may be defined using simple criteria, such as a readingfrom a clock, or by combining multiple criteria in complex ways. Forexample, the start of a shipment may be described as the movement ofsensor device 102 a after a certain time. The definition of any of theseconditions may be specified as requiring all of them (a logical AND),any one of them (logical OR), as following a pre-defined sequence ofoccurrence, or as the lack of an occurrence within a specified timewindow (logical NOT). The intermediate points may represent logisticsprocess steps, such as distribution or manufacturing locations, or timeperiods where particular readings are expected.

Arbitrary regions may be also be defined by applying restrictions onshipment data visibility. For example, a carrier may wish to restrictvisibility to its shipping network. Therefore, the carrier may defineregions covering its facilities or time periods covering modes ofshipment. These regions may be defined independent of any particularshipment and may then be applied to individual shipments or set as adefault setting applying to all shipments that meet certain criteria.

Environmental thresholds and location boundaries may also be stored onsensor device 102 a and would not require activity from system 100.Sensor device 102 a may also alter its monitoring or reporting activitybased on sensor data or location information. Other triggers for alertsmay include movement as detected by sensor device 102 a, a schedule ascalculated by system 100, or carrier information.

Alert settings for an individual shipment may be applied at thebeginning of shipment and may be modified remotely by the party orautomatically adjusted based on conditions detected by sensor device 102a. System 100 may use these alerts to control monitoring as well. Forinstance, if a shipment is received at a customs clearing location andrequires additional confirmation, sensor device 102 a may detect thatthe shipment is not moving and may transmit that information to system100. Based on this information, system 100 may re-configure the sensordevice 102 a to reduce power consumption, thus extending the monitoringability of sensor device 102 a in an effort to guarantee that sensordevice 102 a can still fulfill monitoring requirements once the shipmentpasses customs. If other shipments have sensor devices 102 a-102 n thatmonitor the package through customs, historical monitoring data may beused to estimate the duration of this period. This may result in a moreaccurate reconfiguration and may provide interested parties withinformation to better describe the logistics process.

Alert notifications to parties and system 100 may be configured torequire an acknowledgement of receipt. Notifications that are notacknowledged within a pre-configured timeframe may automaticallytransition their recipient to other parties or trigger other actionssuch as executing rules, generating other notifications, and sendingmessages to other systems.

Data

Aside from monitoring data, parties can choose to store otherunstructured data in data management database 210. This data may includedocuments representing agreements between parties, reports coveringshipments, shipment documents such as bills or proof of delivery, sensordevice 102 a proof of ownership, and other information useful in thelogistics process. This data is subject to the same collaborativesharing access rules as other information stored in data managementdatabase 210.

Archive

The information gathered and calculated during the monitoring ofshipments (e.g. historical data) may be available to the party thatconfigured the monitoring parameters for a configurable period after themonitoring ends. The duration of the configurable period is set by aparty in system 100 with sufficient administrative permission. Ifmultiple parties are collaborating in the monitoring of a shipment, allparties can view and interact with this information for the definedperiod. At the end of the defined period, the information may bearchived in archive database 216. When the information is archived, theshipment information and its associated data does not appear in anylists presented by I/O 330. Accordingly, archived data may be consideredhidden from view. Parties may choose to prevent one or more shipmentsfrom being archived. In addition, parties may manually choose to archiveshipments before system 100 would automatically archive the informationor after having chosen previously to not archive the information.Archive database 216 may also aggregate all archived data for use inanalysis by parties.

Historical data may also be used to create shipment “templates.” Forexample, when a shipper is configuring a shipment, the shipper may inputnumerous data elements (e.g. destination, carrier, etc.). However, somedata elements may not be known until the shipping order is created (e.g.tracking number or date specific service levels like Saturday delivery).Accordingly, the shipment template, which is a named shipmentconfiguration that has at least one of the shipment configurationelements input, may be missing data elements. Rather that spending thetime and resources to recreate a shipment template, it may be easier tostart with the configuration of a past, successful shipment and adjustor remove data elements as appropriate to adjust for other shipmentsthat fit the intended profile. Alternatively, an automated process couldcluster past, successful shipments based on configuration similaritiesto the shipment selected and assist the party by flagging theconfiguration values that are likely to require attention for aparticular shipment.

By way of example, a shipper may notice that most shipments to areceiver are almost identical, and a data element corresponding to thecarrier may depend on how quickly the receiver requires the shipment.Therefore, the shipper may create an shipment template based on aprevious shipment, and the shipper may flag the carrier as unspecifiedin the shipment template so that the shipper may be required to set thecarrier when he creates a new shipment.

According to another example, a shipper may have a new employee that maycreate a new shipment template for a shipment to a receiver. Theemployee may choose the wrong carrier. System 100 may access thehistorical data stored in archive database 216, and system 100 maynotice that this shipment template is very similar to previousshipments, but the carrier has never been used before for this type ofshipment. The shipper may then be prompted for confirmation that thecarrier is correct. In response, the shipper may correct the mistake or,if he decides that the carrier is correct, he could confirm theselection.

In addition, access to historical data provides parties with theopportunity to detect deviations from specified monitoring parametersand to infer and suggest better parameters, such as more precisethresholds or more accurate location and time values. For example, areceiver may notice that a geofence describing the delivery destinationencloses his entire distribution center, an area covering 15 acres. Thehistorical data may indicate that the monitoring of the shipments endswithin a much smaller area (e.g. several hundred square feet). Thereceiver may then update the parameters used to create new shipmentswith this smaller region. In addition, the carrier for these shipmentsmay also realize that all shipments delivered to a particular addressend up being delivering to a particular receiving dock location. Thecarrier may update their parameters to reflect this information.

Having access to historical data allows the opportunity to characterizerecurring problems in similar shipments either by manual inspection orautomatic data mining. For example, if a shipper is examining pastshipments, he may discover that the percentage of packages above apredetermined temperature threshold increases during a certain time ofyear for ground shipments but not for express shipments. Thisinformation may alert the shipper to, for example, investigate ifseasonal packaging with additional insulation is cheaper than simplyswitching the service level to express.

Analysis

In addition to viewing party data, sensor device 102 a, and shipmentdata, parties may also have access to historical data stored in analysisdatabase 212. Subject to access permissions, parties may analyze currentand historical data. For example, parties may view an aggregatedepiction all of their organization's shipments. When otherorganizations create and monitor shipments, this data is also availablefor analysis, although these organizations may specify that their datais not identifiable. This may result in analysis database 212 replacingorganization names and other identifiers with unique, generic values.

In addition to using GPS technology, the parties may also use AssistedGPS (A-GPS). A-GPS enhances the startup performance of a GPSsatellite-based positioning system. In order to take advantage of A-GPSservices, a receiver needs to have a general idea of its currentposition and a confidence interval that describes the confident thereceiver has in knowing its current position. This allows the A-GPSservice to determine what satellites the GPS receiver should be able tosee, thereby allowing the receiver to avoid wasting resources searchingthe spectrum for satellites that are not currently visible to itslocation. Whenever a sensor device 102 a sends a GPS position to anapplication, a cell base station that is associated with sensor device102 a is recorded along with identifying information for any other cellbase station that is “visible” to, that is within some of sensor device102 a. Since the upper limit on cell size is known, it is possible forthe application to calculate positions and confidence intervals forsensor device 102 a using historical position data.

In order for this to occur, the application may build a graph usingpreviously seen cell sites as points (nodes) and creates edges (lines)between points that have been reported as visible to sensor device 102 aat the same time. For example, if sensor device 102 a is associated withcell A but can also see cells B, C, and D, then the points for A, B, C,and D are all connected to each other by graph edges. Once the graph iscreated, a table may be created by visiting each point in the graph anddetermining how many edges must be traveled from the given point to thenearest point that has had a valid GPS reading associated with it. Theconfidence interval may then be calculated by adding one half to thenumber of edges traversed and multiplying the result by the expectedcell diameter. If multiple GPS associated points are equidistant fromthe current point, the GPS readings may be averaged.

When sensor device 102 a first connects to the application, theapplication may access the information based on the cell sites currentlyvisible to the sensor device 102 a. If any of the visible cell siteshave been previously seen and associated with a GPS reading, theapplication may use the calculated position and confidence interval asthe seed position and confidence interval required by the A-GPS service.

Flowchart

FIG. 4 illustrates a flowchart 400 of an exemplary method for trackingitems, consistent with the principles of the present invention. Althoughthe steps of the flowchart are described in a particular order, oneskilled in the art will appreciate that these steps may be performed ina modified or different order, or that certain steps may be omitted.Further, one or more of the steps in FIG. 4 may be performedconcurrently or in parallel.

One or more sensor devices 102 a-102 n are set up based on therequirements of a shipper (step 410). For example, a party may requirespecific programming (specifying, for example, the manner in which adevice detects environmental conditions) for sensor devices 102 a-102 nthat are to be associated with items to be sent to recipients.Alternatively, sensor devices 102 a-102 n may be configured based ondefault programming. A shipper who desires to send an item to arecipient may purchase or otherwise acquire one or more sensor devices102 a-102 n to be attached to or placed in an item to be shipped. Ashipper, for example, may be an item delivery company such as FedEx, aretailer, or a manufacturer that makes its own deliveries. One ofordinary skill in the art will appreciate that it is possible that thecustomer and the shipper are the same entity.

Sensor devices 102 a-102 n may be activated and associated with theitem(s) being shipped (step 420). For example, a courier or otheremployee of the shipper may turn on sensor device 102 a and place it inor attach it to packaging associated with a corresponding item. Thecourier or other employee may also associate sensor device 102 a with anitem tracking number. For example, the courier or other employee maycause information to be stored at tracking center 104 that specifiesthat the item tracking number is currently assigned to an identificationnumber for the item tracking device. Alternatively, no item trackingnumber is associated with sensor device 102 a.

As noted above with reference to FIG. 1, sensor device 102 a may includesensors that measure or detect one or more conditions such as location,temperature, light level, motion, pressure, humidity, gas level,airflow, vibrations, or other environmental conditions. Sensor device102 a that includes such sensors may transmit the sensor data eitherperiodically, on a specified schedule, or on demand. The data is thenreceived by tracking center 104 (step 430).

When tracking center 104 receives sensor data, if that data isindicative of a predetermined condition, tracking center 104 may triggeran appropriate alarm (step 440). For example, suppose sensor device 102a detects a temperature above a certain level. When sensor device 102 areports the temperature level to tracking center 104, an alarm or alertmay be triggered to bring this information to the attention of personnelassociated with tracking center 104. Personnel may then monitor thesituation more closely or take another appropriate action. Alternativelyor additionally, the pertinent courier or other party may be notified ofthe alarm condition via sensor device 102 a.

Tracking center 104 may also after the programming of sensor device 102a if necessary or desired (step 450). In the example of sensor device102 a detecting a temperature above a certain level, tracking center 104may, in turn, alter the programming of sensor device 102 a to check thetemperature more frequently. One of ordinary skill in the art willappreciate that other parameters can be used as the basis for alteringprogramming. Moreover, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciatethat programming may be altered for reasons other than the detection ofpredetermined conditions, and that the programming of the aforementioneddevices may be altered without the intervention of tracking center 104.

Finally, when an item reaches its final destination (e.g., delivered tothe recipient), the courier removes and may deactivate sensor device 102a (step 460).

“Opt-in” Process

As previously stated, a party may use system 100 to collaborate withother parties. Within system 100, an application may provide theplatform to allow parties that participate in the shipment of a packageto control access to information in an automated way to meet the needsof each of the parties. The application may be stored on acomputer-readable medium at, for example, tracking center 104. Forexample, parties may want to receive information regarding location,temperature, light level, motion, pressure, humidity, gas level,airflow, vibrations, or other environmental conditions at desiredintervals (e.g. every hour). In addition to receiving information duringthe actual shipping of the package, parties may also want to receiveinformation regarding the integrity of the package before and/or afterthe package is shipped. For example, the shipping party may want toreceive information regarding the integrity of the package while thepackage is located in a warehouse before shipment. Moreover, thereceiving party may want to receive information regarding the integrityof the package while the package is located in a warehouse aftershipment.

Accordingly, parties may want to receive information during the entirejourney of the package (e.g. before, during, and after shipment).Therefore, a party to a journey of a package (e.g. the shipper) may needto determine what type of information it wants to share with the otherparties to the journey (e.g. the receiver). The parties may determinethis information by negotiation with the other parties. Based on thenegotiation, the parties may determine how the information is collectedand what information is collected. The parties may also determine whatinformation is available to them and what information is available tothe other parties.

This agreement may be viewed as a collection of three, separateagreements that are part of the overall agreement. These three, separateagreements may be viewed as three layers. In the top layer, theagreement may contain constraints that generally cannot be negotiated bythe parties. These constraints may be based on hardware, software,and/or legal constraints. Legal constraints may include, for example,Information based on requirements of different countries and/or regionsof the world. The restraints cannot change and may be viewed as acentral base logistic system agreement that provides the parties withthe ability to use the application.

The second layer may contain information sharing agreements between theparties. These agreements provide the ability for certain types ofinformation to flow between the parties. The information sharingagreements are explained in greater detail below. The third layer maycontain the journey agreement. This agreement may provide templates forthe journey, such as filter, reporting, and/or alerts for a specificpackage (e.g. a pharmaceutical product). These three layers ofagreements are all part of an overall agreement that governs howinformation is collected, reported, and shared with the parties.

In order to provide the “opt-in” ability, the parties may firstdetermine their profiles. These profiles may be called a SensorInformation Sharing Profile (SISP), and the SISP may represent theinformation each party may share with the other parties in a journey. Aparty may create one or more than one SISP based on the role of theparty in the journey (e.g. shipper, transporter, or receiver). Inaddition to creating one or more than one SISP for each role, a partymay create more than one SISP for the same role (e.g. shipper). The SISPis used to create an Information Sharing Agreement (ISA). The ISA iscontained within the second layer.

An SISP may be viewed as a default setting that specifies information,such as the conditions or circumstances that information is shared withother parties. This information may include both conditional settingsand information availability settings. Examples of conditional settingsmay be origin region, destination region, the mode of transportation(e.g. land, sea, and/or air), container, and duration. Examples ofinformation availability settings may be location, temperature, lightlevel, motion, pressure, humidity, gas level, airflow, vibrations, orother environmental conditions. One of ordinary skill in the art willappreciate that other parameters can be used as the basis for providingconditional settings and information availability settings.

For example, the sending party may have an SISP created for landshipments, air shipments, and sea shipments. In addition, a receivingparty may also have an SISP created for land shipments, air shipments,and sea shipments. Moreover, the parties may also have more than oneSISP created for land, air, and/or sea shipments. Within each SISP, eachparty may also determine other settings listed above. When each partydetermines the settings for each SISP, each party may indicate if eachsetting is required.

For example, a shipper may want to provide only location and temperatureinformation to the receiver. However, while the shipper may want toprovide location and temperature information, the shipper may agree toalso provide humidity information. Accordingly, providing humidityinformation is not required. A setting that is not required may beviewed as an allowed setting. Therefore, while the shipper may want toprovide only location and temperature information, the shipper may agreeto provide humidity information. Therefore, the setting selected by theshipper to provide humidity information is an allowed, but not required,setting.

Conversely, the shipper may want to only provide location andtemperature information. However, the receiver may want to receivelocation, temperature, and humidity information, and the receiver mayindicate that humidity temperature information is a required setting.One of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that any party in thejourney may create required settings in that party's one or more SISPs.

While an ISA may be generated using an SISP of each party, and SISP isnot required. For example, one or more of the parties to a journey maynot have an SISP. According to this example, an ISA could not beautomatically created because one or more of the parties does not havean SISP. However, the parties may still negotiate the terms of thejourney and create a corresponding ISA as described above.

Based on the settings contained in the SISP(s) of the each party, theSISP(s) may contain similar settings or may contain one or moredifferent settings. If all settings match, there is no conflict betweenthe SISP(s) of the each party. Therefore, an ISA may be automaticallygenerated between the parties.

If one or more of the settings of the SISP(s) of the parties are notsimilar, a conflict exists, and an ISA cannot be automatically created.For example, a shipper of a package may indicate that it does not wantto provide humidity information. This setting may be considered arequired setting. However, the receiver may want to receive humidityinformation. This setting may also be considered a required setting.Therefore, a conflict exists, and the ISA cannot be automaticallycreated. Because each party to the journey may have more than one SISPwith different required settings, it may be difficult for the parties todetermine which SISP to use to begin the negotiation process.

For example, if each SISP contains twenty settings, and each company hasfive SISPs, the conflicts between SISPs may vary depending on thedifferent combinations. Accordingly, the application may use analgorithm to determine which SISP of each party to use to begin thenegotiation process.

The algorithm may first determine the number of total matches. Forexample, if the SISP(s) of each party contains twenty settings, thealgorithm may compare each SISP of each party to determine the SISP ofeach party that has the most settings is common. These SISPs may beviewed as the SISPs with the highest number of matches.

Next, the algorithm may determine the number of required settings ofeach SISP that match. As explained above, each party may determine anynumber of required settings within each SISP. In addition, each partymay also determine any number of settings that are allowed, but notrequired. Based on the number of required settings of each SISP, thealgorithm may determine the SISP from each party that contains the mostnumber of required setting matches,

Next, the algorithm may determine a popularity. The popularitycorresponds to the number of previously created ISAs for each SISP. Asstated above, each party may create one or more SISP. Each SISP may beused to create one or more ISAs. Therefore, the algorithm may determinethe number of ISA(s) that have been previously created for each SISP.

Finally, the algorithm may determine a date that was last utilized in anISA that was part of a journey. Based on these four steps, the algorithmmay determine the best SISP match.

After the best SISP match is determined for each of the parties, theparties may view the SISP from each other party that the algorithmdetermines is the best match to create the ISA. Based on the number ofdifferent setting requirements for each SISP, each party may need tonegotiate with the other one or more parties to agree on an ISA. Thisnegotiation may include updating the corresponding SISP or creating anew SISP so each party can agree on an ISA. If each party to a journeydoes not agree, an ISA cannot be created, and the journey cannot occur.

If the parties do agree to modify their SISP or create a new SISP, anISA may be created. At this time, the parties seeking to “opt-in” to theagreement may negotiate changes to the conflicting setting(s). Forexample, if the shipper indicates that not reporting humidityinformation is a required setting, and the receiver indicates thathumidity information is a required setting, the two parties may agree toreport humidity information. Therefore, the shipper SISP that indicatesthat not reporting humidity information minutes is a required settingmay be updated to indicate that reporting humidity information is notrequired, or allowed. One of ordinary skill would appreciate that one ormore of the parties to a journey may modify its existing SISP or maycreate a new SISP based on the conflicts.

After each party to the journey agrees on each setting of its SISP, anISA may be created. The ISA is a collection of two or more SISPs, and itsets the legal terms of the information that can be viewed acrossparties. Upon creation of the ISA, each party may receive and view theagreed information during the agreed interval(s).

The creation and agreement of an ISA occurs at the second layer of theoverall agreement. At the third level, the parties may agree on aspecific journey agreement. For example, the ISA in the second layer mayindicate the rights for certain types of information to flow betweenparties (e.g. conditional settings, information availability settings,etc.). In the journey layer, corresponding to the third layer, theparties may determine templates for a specific journey. For example, ifthe shipper agrees to provide the receiver with temperature, light, andhumidity information, the receiver may indicate that it wants to receivethis information every thirty minutes. The shipper may agree to thisreporting interval, or the shipper may propose a different reportinginterval (e.g. every hour). One of ordinary would appreciate that eachparty may agree on numerous different settings as stated above andnumerous different reporting intervals.

While the above example provides the ability for the parties to indicatespecific parameters for a journey, the application may also providethese parameters within the SISP of each party. Therefore, if each partyagrees to the parameters, and an ISA is created, the parties may createa journey without determining specific templates for the journey becausethis information is already contained in the agreed upon ISA.

In addition, it is possible for two or parties to agree and create andISA, but not agree on the template for the journey. For example, if areceiver is receiving a medical device, the receiver may want to receivelocation information every thirty minutes during transportation untilthe device is within five miles of the receiver. At this time, thereceiver may want to receive real-time location information. However, ifthe ISA that the receiver and shipper agreed upon does not provide forreal-time location information reporting, the receiver may not be ableto receive this location information. Accordingly, even though theparties agreed to an ISA, the journey template conflicts with the ISA.This conflict may be viewed as “out-of-bounds.” If desired informationis “out-of-bounds” from the ISA (e.g. reporting location informationreal-time), the parties of the journey may need to create a new ISA thatallows for real-time location information reporting. If the shipperagrees to provide real-time location information within five miles ofthe receiver location, the parties may agree to a new ISA. If theshipper does not agree to provide real-time location information withinfive miles of the receiver location, a new ISA will not be created andthe journey will not occur.

If the parties agree to create a new ISA, the parties may agree on eachof the parameters of the journey. Upon agreement, the parties have nowagreed to the agreements on each of the three layers. Therefore, thejourney of the package may begin at a desired time, and each of theparties to the agreement have agreed to “opt-in” to the agreement andthey may receive the agreed upon information during to the journey ofthe package.

Documentation

During a journey, the information received and transmitted to theauthenticated parties of the agreement may be stored in data managementdatabase 210 as stated above. As the information is stored in datamanagement database 210, an application, that may be stored on acomputer-readable medium at, for example, tracking center 104, may alsopresent this information to the parties as a journey document related tothe journey. As the information regarding the journey is updated,journey document objects related to each piece of information may beversioned to show an audit trail of any changes that may have been madeas the package continues along the journey.

Journey document objects may include documentation that describes theobject being shipped, the shipping transaction, the shipper, thecarrier, and the receiver. In addition, the journey document may be inthe form of an imaged journey document, electronically provided shippinginformation, and historical shipment data. Changes to the journeydocument may be made based on the role (e.g. shipper, carrier, receiver)and authorization of the party in the journey.

As a party uses the application over time, the application may monitorprevious journey documents and may ensure that previous errors are notduplicated. The application may alert the party of previous errors orpossible errors as described above. Accordingly, the system may monitorprevious errors and create dynamic communities to improve journeydocuments.

While certain features and embodiments of the invention have beendescribed, other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practiceof the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein. Furthermore,although aspects of embodiments of the present invention have beendescribed as being associated with data stored in memory and otherstorage mediums, one skilled in the art will appreciate that theseaspects can also be stored on or read from other types ofcomputer-readable media, such as secondary storage devices, like harddisks, floppy disks, or a CD-ROM, or other forms of RAM or ROM. Further,the steps of the disclosed methods may be modified in various ways,including by reordering steps and/or inserting or deleting steps,without departing from the principles of the invention.

It is intended, therefore, that the specification and examples beconsidered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of theinvention being indicated by the following claims and their full scopeof equivalents.

1-12. (canceled)
 13. A computer-implemented method for shipment of anobject, the method comprising: configuring at least one sensor deviceattached to or placed within the shipment with at least oneenvironmental condition to be monitored; setting a frequency forcollecting sensor information associated with the sensor device and theat least one monitored environmental condition; determining that theshipment is located at or beyond a predetermined distance from adelivery location; transmitting the sensor information to a clientdevice associated with a party, at a first frequency, when the shipmentis located at or beyond the predetermined distance from the deliverylocation; determining that the shipment is located within thepredetermined distance from the delivery location; transmitting thesensor information to the client device, at a second frequency differentfrom the first frequency, when the shipment is located within thepredetermined distance from the delivery location; and displaying thetransmitted sensor information on a display associated with the clientdevice.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the first frequency is lessthan the second frequency.
 15. The method of claim 13, wherein thesensor information is collected at a street address-level and the sensorinformation is reported to the party at a city-level.
 16. The method ofclaim 13 further comprising: preventing the party from accessing thesensor information the shipment is at a predetermined location.
 17. Themethod of claim 13 further comprising: preventing the party fromaccessing the sensor information at a predetermined time.
 18. The methodof claim 13, wherein transmitting the sensor information furthercomprises: transmitting the sensor information to the party after apredetermined time delay.
 19. The method of claim 13, wherein thepredetermined distance is defined as based on a predetermined time toreach the delivery location.
 20. The method of claim 13 furthercomprising: preventing the party from accessing the sensor informationwhen the shipment is outside of a predetermined boundary relative to anoriginating location of the shipment.
 21. The method of claim 20,wherein the predetermined boundary is defined as either a predetermineddistance relative to the originating location or as a predetermined timeaway from the originating location.
 22. A non-transitorycomputer-readable medium comprising instructions that, when executed byat least one processor, cause the at least one processor to performoperations including: configuring at least one sensor device attached toor placed within a shipment with at least one environmental condition tobe monitored; setting a frequency for collecting sensor informationassociated with the sensor device and the at least one monitoredenvironmental condition; transmitting the sensor information to a clientdevice associated with a party, at a first frequency, when the one ormore shipments is beyond a predetermined distance from a deliverylocation; transmitting the sensor information to the client device, at asecond frequency different from the first frequency, when the one ormore shipments is at or within the predetermined distance from thedelivery location; and transmitting instructions to the client device todisplay the transmitted sensor information on a display associated withthe client device.
 23. The computer-readable medium of claim 22, whereinthe first frequency is lower than the second frequency.
 24. Thecomputer-readable medium of claim 22, wherein the sensor information iscollected at a street address-level and the sensor information isreported to the party at a city-level.
 25. The computer-readable mediumof claim 22, wherein the instructions, when executed by the at least oneprocessor, further cause the at least one processor to perform anoperation including: preventing the party from accessing the sensorinformation when the shipment is at a predetermined location.
 26. Thecomputer-readable medium of claim 22, wherein the instructions, whenexecuted by the at least one processor, further cause the at least oneprocessor to perform an operation including: preventing the party fromaccessing the sensor information at a predetermined time.
 27. Thecomputer-readable medium of claim 22, wherein transmitting the sensorinformation further includes: transmitting the sensor information to theparty after a predetermined time delay.
 28. A tracking center fortracking a shipment of an object, comprising: an input unit configuredto receive sensor information from at least one sensor device attachedto or placed within the shipment; and a processor configured to:configure the at least one sensor device with at least one environmentalcondition to be monitored; set a frequency for collecting sensorinformation associated with the sensor device and the at least onemonitored environmental condition; transmit the received sensorinformation to a client device associated with a party, at a firstfrequency, when the shipment is at or beyond a predetermined distancefrom a delivery location; transmit the received sensor information tothe client device, at a second frequency different from the firstfrequency, when the shipment is within the predetermined distance fromthe delivery location; and transmit instructions to the client device todisplay the transmitted sensor information on a display associated withthe client device.
 29. The tracking center of claim 28, wherein thefirst frequency is greater than the second frequency.
 30. The trackingcenter of claim 28, wherein the processor is further configured to:prevent the party from accessing the received sensor information at apredetermined time or when the shipment is at a predetermined location.31. The tracking center of claim 28, wherein the processor is furtherconfigured to: prevent the party from accessing the sensor informationwhen the shipment is outside of a predetermined boundary relative to anoriginating location of the shipment.
 32. The tracking center of claim28, wherein the processor is further configured to: reconfigure the atleast one sensor to modify the frequency or precision of the sensorinformation transmitted to the tracking center in response to an alertcondition.